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Biology Notes
What is the mechanism by which the human immunodef What is the mechanism by which the human immunodeficiency virus results in the loss of natural defence of the body against various infections? #HIV #immunity #biologynotes
why photosynthesis is an oxidation reduction proce why photosynthesis is an oxidation reduction process? #photosyntesis #oxidation #reduction #biologynotes
Leucocytes The number of leucocytes or white blood Leucocytes The number of leucocytes or white blood cells (WBCs) per microlitre of blood is called the total leucocyte count (TLC). This varies from 5,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimetre of blood in humans. Rise in WBC count is termed leucocytosis. Abnormal increase of WBCs is in malignancies like leukemia (blood cancer). Fall in WBC count is called leukopenia. They can change their shape like Amoeba and are thus, capable of amoeboid movement. This enables them to squeeze out of blood capillaries into the tissues. This process is called diapedesis. The WBCs are colourless. A leucocyte consists of cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, centrioles besides other cell organelles. The leucocytes are of two main types : Agranulocytes and granulocytes. In agranulocytes, granules are not found in the cytoplasm. It is of two types, lymphocytes and monocytes. Lymphocytes produce antibodies to destroy microbes. They are non-motile and non-phagocytic. These are B–and T–lymphocytes. Monocytes are the largest of all types of leucocytes. They are motile and phagocytic in nature and engulf bacteria and cellular debris. Granulocytes contain abundant membrane surrounded granules in their cytoplasm. They have multi-lobed nuclei, thus also referred to as polymorphonuclear granulocyte. According to their staining property, the granulocytes are divided into three types, eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils. Eosinophils (1 – 6%) have bilobed nucleus and coarse granules that take acidic stains. They seem to play a role in the immune system. The coarse granules contain hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase which are discharged into the phagosome. Basophils (0 – 1%) have nucleus which is three lobed and have less number of coarse granules. Their granules take basic stains and release heparin, histamine and serotonin. Neutrophils (40 – 75%) stain equally well with both basic and acidic dyes. They are quite large and have many lobed nucleus and abundant granules. Neutrophils are phagocytic in nature and are the most numerous of all leucocytes. Neutrophils are by for the most abundant kind of leucocytes
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Biology Notes
What is the mechanism by which the human immunodef What is the mechanism by which the human immunodeficiency virus results in the loss of natural defence of the body against various infections? #HIV #immunity #biologynotes
why photosynthesis is an oxidation reduction proce why photosynthesis is an oxidation reduction process? #photosyntesis #oxidation #reduction #biologynotes
Leucocytes The number of leucocytes or white blood Leucocytes The number of leucocytes or white blood cells (WBCs) per microlitre of blood is called the total leucocyte count (TLC). This varies from 5,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimetre of blood in humans. Rise in WBC count is termed leucocytosis. Abnormal increase of WBCs is in malignancies like leukemia (blood cancer). Fall in WBC count is called leukopenia. They can change their shape like Amoeba and are thus, capable of amoeboid movement. This enables them to squeeze out of blood capillaries into the tissues. This process is called diapedesis. The WBCs are colourless. A leucocyte consists of cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, centrioles besides other cell organelles. The leucocytes are of two main types : Agranulocytes and granulocytes. In agranulocytes, granules are not found in the cytoplasm. It is of two types, lymphocytes and monocytes. Lymphocytes produce antibodies to destroy microbes. They are non-motile and non-phagocytic. These are B–and T–lymphocytes. Monocytes are the largest of all types of leucocytes. They are motile and phagocytic in nature and engulf bacteria and cellular debris. Granulocytes contain abundant membrane surrounded granules in their cytoplasm. They have multi-lobed nuclei, thus also referred to as polymorphonuclear granulocyte. According to their staining property, the granulocytes are divided into three types, eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils. Eosinophils (1 – 6%) have bilobed nucleus and coarse granules that take acidic stains. They seem to play a role in the immune system. The coarse granules contain hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase which are discharged into the phagosome. Basophils (0 – 1%) have nucleus which is three lobed and have less number of coarse granules. Their granules take basic stains and release heparin, histamine and serotonin. Neutrophils (40 – 75%) stain equally well with both basic and acidic dyes. They are quite large and have many lobed nucleus and abundant granules. Neutrophils are phagocytic in nature and are the most numerous of all leucocytes. Neutrophils are by for the most abundant kind of leucocytes
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